파이썬 표준 라이브러리
**********************

파이썬 언어 레퍼런스 는 파이썬 언어의 정확한 문법과 의미를 설명하고 있
지만, 이 라이브러리 레퍼런스 설명서는 파이썬과 함께 배포되는 표준 라이
브러리를 설명합니다. 또한, 파이썬 배포판에 일반적으로 포함되어있는 선
택적 구성 요소 중 일부를 설명합니다.

파이썬의 표준 라이브러리는 매우 광범위하며, 아래 나열된 긴 목차에 표시
된 대로 다양한 기능을 제공합니다. 라이브러리에는 일상적인 프로그래밍에
서 발생하는 많은 문제에 대한 표준적인 해결책을 제공하는 파이썬으로 작
성된 모듈뿐만 아니라, 파일 I/O와 같은 시스템 기능에 액세스하는 (C로 작
성된) 내장 모듈들이 포함됩니다 (이 모듈들이 없다면 파이썬 프로그래머가
액세스할 방법은 없습니다). 이 모듈 중 일부는 플랫폼 관련 사항을 플랫폼
중립적인 API들로 추상화시킴으로써, 파이썬 프로그램의 이식성을 권장하고
개선하도록 명시적으로 설계되었습니다.

윈도우 플랫폼용 파이썬 설치 프로그램은 일반적으로 전체 표준 라이브러리
를 포함하며 종종 많은 추가 구성 요소도 포함합니다. 유닉스와 같은 운영
체제의 경우, 파이썬은 일반적으로 패키지 모음으로 제공되기 때문에, 운영
체제와 함께 제공되는 패키지 도구를 사용하여 선택적 구성 요소의 일부 또
는 전부를 구해야 할 수 있습니다.

In addition to the standard library, there is an active collection of
hundreds of thousands of components (from individual programs and
modules to packages and entire application development frameworks),
available from the Python Package Index.

* 소개

  * 가용성에 대한 참고 사항

* 내장 함수

* 내장 상수

  * "site" 모듈에 의해 추가된 상수들

* 내장형

  * 논리값 검사

  * 논리 연산 --- "and", "or", "not"

  * 비교

  * 숫자 형 --- "int", "float", "complex"

  * Boolean Type - "bool"

  * 이터레이터 형

  * 시퀀스 형 --- "list", "tuple", "range"

  * 텍스트 시퀀스 형 --- "str"

  * 바이너리 시퀀스 형 --- "bytes", "bytearray", "memoryview"

  * 집합 형 --- "set", "frozenset"

  * 매핑 형 --- "dict"

  * 컨텍스트 관리자 형

  * Type Annotation Types --- *Generic Alias*, *Union*

  * 기타 내장형

  * 특수 어트리뷰트

  * Integer string conversion length limitation

* 내장 예외

  * Exception context

  * Inheriting from built-in exceptions

  * 베이스 클래스

  * 구체적인 예외

  * 경고

  * Exception groups

  * 예외 계층 구조

* 텍스트 처리 서비스

  * "string" --- Common string operations

  * "re" --- Regular expression operations

  * "difflib" --- Helpers for computing deltas

  * "textwrap" --- Text wrapping and filling

  * "unicodedata" --- Unicode Database

  * "stringprep" --- Internet String Preparation

  * "readline" --- GNU readline interface

  * "rlcompleter" --- Completion function for GNU readline

* 바이너리 데이터 서비스

  * "struct" --- Interpret bytes as packed binary data

  * "codecs" --- Codec registry and base classes

* 데이터형

  * "datetime" --- Basic date and time types

  * "zoneinfo" --- IANA time zone support

  * "calendar" --- General calendar-related functions

  * "collections" --- Container datatypes

  * "collections.abc" --- Abstract Base Classes for Containers

  * "heapq" --- Heap queue algorithm

  * "bisect" --- Array bisection algorithm

  * "array" --- Efficient arrays of numeric values

  * "weakref" --- 약한 참조

  * "types" --- Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types

  * "copy" --- Shallow and deep copy operations

  * "pprint" --- Data pretty printer

  * "reprlib" --- Alternate "repr()" implementation

  * "enum" --- Support for enumerations

  * "graphlib" --- Functionality to operate with graph-like structures

* 숫자와 수학 모듈

  * "numbers" --- Numeric abstract base classes

  * "math" --- Mathematical functions

  * "cmath" --- Mathematical functions for complex numbers

  * "decimal" --- Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic

  * "fractions" --- Rational numbers

  * "random" --- Generate pseudo-random numbers

  * "statistics" --- Mathematical statistics functions

* 함수형 프로그래밍 모듈

  * "itertools" --- Functions creating iterators for efficient looping

  * "functools" --- Higher-order functions and operations on callable
    objects

  * "operator" --- Standard operators as functions

* 파일과 디렉터리 액세스

  * "pathlib" --- Object-oriented filesystem paths

  * "os.path" --- Common pathname manipulations

  * "fileinput" --- Iterate over lines from multiple input streams

  * "stat" --- Interpreting "stat()" results

  * "filecmp" --- File and Directory Comparisons

  * "tempfile" --- Generate temporary files and directories

  * "glob" --- Unix style pathname pattern expansion

  * "fnmatch" --- Unix filename pattern matching

  * "linecache" --- Random access to text lines

  * "shutil" --- High-level file operations

* 데이터 지속성

  * "pickle" --- Python object serialization

  * "copyreg" --- Register "pickle" support functions

  * "shelve" --- Python object persistence

  * "marshal" --- Internal Python object serialization

  * "dbm" --- Interfaces to Unix "databases"

  * "sqlite3" --- DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases

* 데이터 압축 및 보관

  * "zlib" --- Compression compatible with **gzip**

  * "gzip" --- Support for **gzip** files

  * "bz2" --- Support for **bzip2** compression

  * "lzma" --- Compression using the LZMA algorithm

  * "zipfile" --- Work with ZIP archives

  * "tarfile" --- Read and write tar archive files

* 파일 형식

  * "csv" --- CSV File Reading and Writing

  * "configparser" --- Configuration file parser

  * "tomllib" --- Parse TOML files

  * "netrc" --- netrc file processing

  * "plistlib" --- Generate and parse Apple ".plist" files

* 암호화 서비스

  * "hashlib" --- Secure hashes and message digests

  * "hmac" --- Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication

  * "secrets" --- Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets

* 일반 운영 체제 서비스

  * "os" --- Miscellaneous operating system interfaces

  * "io" --- Core tools for working with streams

  * "time" --- Time access and conversions

  * "argparse" --- Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-
    commands

  * "getopt" --- C-style parser for command line options

  * "logging" --- Logging facility for Python

  * "logging.config" --- Logging configuration

  * "logging.handlers" --- Logging handlers

  * "getpass" --- Portable password input

  * "curses" --- Terminal handling for character-cell displays

  * "curses.textpad" --- curses 프로그램을 위한 텍스트 입력 위젯

  * "curses.ascii" --- Utilities for ASCII characters

  * "curses.panel" --- A panel stack extension for curses

  * "platform" ---  Access to underlying platform's identifying data

  * "errno" --- Standard errno system symbols

  * "ctypes" --- A foreign function library for Python

* 동시 실행

  * "threading" --- Thread-based parallelism

  * "multiprocessing" --- Process-based parallelism

  * "multiprocessing.shared_memory" --- Shared memory for direct
    access across processes

  * The "concurrent" package

  * "concurrent.futures" --- Launching parallel tasks

  * "subprocess" --- Subprocess management

  * "sched" --- Event scheduler

  * "queue" --- A synchronized queue class

  * "contextvars" --- Context Variables

  * "_thread" --- Low-level threading API

* 네트워킹과 프로세스 간 통신

  * "asyncio" --- Asynchronous I/O

  * "socket" --- Low-level networking interface

  * "ssl" --- TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects

  * "select" --- Waiting for I/O completion

  * "selectors" --- High-level I/O multiplexing

  * "signal" --- Set handlers for asynchronous events

  * "mmap" --- Memory-mapped file support

* 인터넷 데이터 처리

  * "email" --- An email and MIME handling package

  * "json" --- JSON encoder and decoder

  * "mailbox" --- Manipulate mailboxes in various formats

  * "mimetypes" --- Map filenames to MIME types

  * "base64" --- Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings

  * "binascii" --- Convert between binary and ASCII

  * "quopri" --- Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data

* 구조화된 마크업 처리 도구

  * "html" --- HyperText Markup Language support

  * "html.parser" --- Simple HTML and XHTML parser

  * "html.entities" --- Definitions of HTML general entities

  * XML 처리 모듈

  * "xml.etree.ElementTree" --- The ElementTree XML API

  * "xml.dom" --- The Document Object Model API

  * "xml.dom.minidom" --- Minimal DOM implementation

  * "xml.dom.pulldom" --- Support for building partial DOM trees

  * "xml.sax" --- Support for SAX2 parsers

  * "xml.sax.handler" --- Base classes for SAX handlers

  * "xml.sax.saxutils" --- SAX Utilities

  * "xml.sax.xmlreader" --- Interface for XML parsers

  * "xml.parsers.expat" --- Fast XML parsing using Expat

* 인터넷 프로토콜과 지원

  * "webbrowser" --- Convenient web-browser controller

  * "wsgiref" --- WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation

  * "urllib" --- URL handling modules

  * "urllib.request" --- Extensible library for opening URLs

  * "urllib.response" --- urllib가 사용하는 응답 클래스

  * "urllib.parse" --- Parse URLs into components

  * "urllib.error" --- Exception classes raised by urllib.request

  * "urllib.robotparser" ---  Parser for robots.txt

  * "http" --- HTTP modules

  * "http.client" --- HTTP protocol client

  * "ftplib" --- FTP protocol client

  * "poplib" --- POP3 protocol client

  * "imaplib" --- IMAP4 protocol client

  * "smtplib" --- SMTP protocol client

  * "uuid" --- UUID objects according to **RFC 4122**

  * "socketserver" --- A framework for network servers

  * "http.server" --- HTTP servers

  * "http.cookies" --- HTTP state management

  * "http.cookiejar" --- Cookie handling for HTTP clients

  * "xmlrpc" --- XMLRPC server and client modules

  * "xmlrpc.client" --- XML-RPC client access

  * "xmlrpc.server" --- Basic XML-RPC servers

  * "ipaddress" --- IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library

* 멀티미디어 서비스

  * "wave" --- Read and write WAV files

  * "colorsys" --- Conversions between color systems

* 국제화

  * "gettext" --- Multilingual internationalization services

  * "locale" --- Internationalization services

* 프로그램 프레임워크

  * "turtle" --- 터틀 그래픽

  * "cmd" --- Support for line-oriented command interpreters

  * "shlex" --- Simple lexical analysis

* Tk를 사용한 그래픽 사용자 인터페이스

  * "tkinter" --- Python interface to Tcl/Tk

  * "tkinter.colorchooser" --- Color choosing dialog

  * "tkinter.font" --- Tkinter font wrapper

  * Tkinter 대화 상자

  * "tkinter.messagebox" --- Tkinter message prompts

  * "tkinter.scrolledtext" --- Scrolled Text Widget

  * "tkinter.dnd" --- Drag and drop support

  * "tkinter.ttk" --- Tk themed widgets

  * "tkinter.tix" --- Extension widgets for Tk

  * IDLE

* 개발 도구

  * "typing" --- 형 힌트 지원

  * "pydoc" --- Documentation generator and online help system

  * 파이썬 개발 모드

  * "doctest" --- Test interactive Python examples

  * "unittest" --- Unit testing framework

  * "unittest.mock" --- mock object library

  * "unittest.mock" --- getting started

  * 2to3 --- Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation

  * "test" --- Regression tests package for Python

  * "test.support" --- 파이썬 테스트 스위트용 유틸리티

  * "test.support.socket_helper" --- 소켓 테스트용 유틸리티

  * "test.support.script_helper" --- 파이썬 실행 테스트용 유틸리티

  * "test.support.bytecode_helper" --- 올바른 바이트 코드 생성 테스트
    를 위한 지원 도구

  * "test.support.threading_helper" --- Utilities for threading tests

  * "test.support.os_helper" --- Utilities for os tests

  * "test.support.import_helper" --- Utilities for import tests

  * "test.support.warnings_helper" --- Utilities for warnings tests

* 디버깅과 프로파일링

  * 감사 이벤트 표

  * "bdb" --- Debugger framework

  * "faulthandler" --- Dump the Python traceback

  * "pdb" --- 파이썬 디버거

  * 파이썬 프로파일러

  * "timeit" --- Measure execution time of small code snippets

  * "trace" --- Trace or track Python statement execution

  * "tracemalloc" --- Trace memory allocations

* 소프트웨어 패키징 및 배포

  * "ensurepip" --- Bootstrapping the "pip" installer

  * "venv" --- Creation of virtual environments

  * "zipapp" --- Manage executable Python zip archives

* 파이썬 실행시간 서비스

  * "sys" --- System-specific parameters and functions

  * "sys.monitoring" --- Execution event monitoring

  * "sysconfig" --- Provide access to Python's configuration
    information

  * "builtins" --- Built-in objects

  * "__main__" --- Top-level code environment

  * "warnings" --- Warning control

  * "dataclasses" --- Data Classes

  * "contextlib" --- "with" 문 컨텍스트를 위한 유틸리티

  * "abc" --- Abstract Base Classes

  * "atexit" --- Exit handlers

  * "traceback" --- Print or retrieve a stack traceback

  * "__future__" --- Future statement definitions

  * "gc" --- Garbage Collector interface

  * "inspect" --- Inspect live objects

  * "site" --- Site-specific configuration hook

* 사용자 정의 파이썬 인터프리터

  * "code" --- Interpreter base classes

  * "codeop" --- Compile Python code

* 모듈 임포트 하기

  * "zipimport" --- Import modules from Zip archives

  * "pkgutil" --- Package extension utility

  * "modulefinder" --- Find modules used by a script

  * "runpy" --- Locating and executing Python modules

  * "importlib" --- "import"의 구현

  * "importlib.resources" -- Package resource reading, opening and
    access

  * "importlib.resources.abc" -- Abstract base classes for resources

  * "importlib.metadata" -- Accessing package metadata

  * The initialization of the "sys.path" module search path

* 파이썬 언어 서비스

  * "ast" --- Abstract Syntax Trees

  * "symtable" --- Access to the compiler's symbol tables

  * "token" --- Constants used with Python parse trees

  * "keyword" --- Testing for Python keywords

  * "tokenize" --- Tokenizer for Python source

  * "tabnanny" --- Detection of ambiguous indentation

  * "pyclbr" --- Python module browser support

  * "py_compile" --- Compile Python source files

  * "compileall" --- Byte-compile Python libraries

  * "dis" --- Disassembler for Python bytecode

  * "pickletools" --- Tools for pickle developers

* MS 윈도우 특정 서비스

  * "msvcrt" --- Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime

  * "winreg" --- Windows registry access

  * "winsound" --- Sound-playing interface for Windows

* 유닉스 특정 서비스

  * "posix" --- The most common POSIX system calls

  * "pwd" --- The password database

  * "grp" --- The group database

  * "termios" --- POSIX style tty control

  * "tty" --- Terminal control functions

  * "pty" --- Pseudo-terminal utilities

  * "fcntl" --- The "fcntl" and "ioctl" system calls

  * "resource" --- Resource usage information

  * "syslog" --- Unix syslog library routines

* Modules command-line interface (CLI)

* 대체된 모듈

  * "aifc" --- AIFF와 AIFC 파일 읽고 쓰기

  * "audioop" --- Manipulate raw audio data

  * "cgi" --- Common Gateway Interface support

  * "cgitb" --- CGI 스크립트를 위한 트레이스백 관리자

  * "chunk" --- IFF 청크된 데이터 읽기

  * "crypt" --- 유닉스 비밀번호 확인 함수

  * "imghdr" --- 이미지 유형 판단

  * "mailcap" --- Mailcap 파일 처리

  * "msilib" --- Read and write Microsoft Installer files

  * "nis" --- Sun의 NIS(옐로 페이지)에 대한 인터페이스

  * "nntplib" --- NNTP 프로토콜 클라이언트

  * "optparse" --- Parser for command line options

  * "ossaudiodev" --- Access to OSS-compatible audio devices

  * "pipes" --- 셸 파이프라인에 대한 인터페이스

  * "sndhdr" --- 음향 파일 유형 판단

  * "spwd" --- 섀도 암호 데이터베이스

  * "sunau" --- Sun AU 파일 읽고 쓰기

  * "telnetlib" --- 텔넷 클라이언트

  * "uu" --- uuencode 파일 인코딩과 디코딩

  * "xdrlib" --- XDR 데이터 인코딩과 디코딩

* Security Considerations
